Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri): first case report
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v19n4-7746Keywords:
lymphoproliferative neoplasia, Psittaciformes, leukocytosis, cytology, lymphocytosisAbstract
This report describes a case of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) in a ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri), a 9-year-old female, referred by the Laboratory for the Breeding and Incubation of Alternative, Wild, and Exotic Animals (LACRIAS-UFPR) to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (HV-UFPR) for routine examinations. The diagnosis of CLL was established based on the identification of persistent lymphocytosis, with a lymphocyte count exceeding 900,000, and, in the bone marrow, a predominance of mature lymphocytes with uniform morphology and characteristics compatible with CLL. After the neoplasia was diagnosed, two additional collections were performed for clinical monitoring through blood count and biochemical tests, which revealed non-regenerative anemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, possibly associated with the neoplastic condition. Despite showing no clinical signs, the bird died before therapeutic management could begin, seven months after the initial diagnosis. This case highlights the rarity of CLL diagnosis in psittacines and reinforces the importance of blood count and bone marrow cytology as essential diagnostic tools. Furthermore, the scarcity of data regarding the condition underscores the need for further studies to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of this hematopoietic neoplasm, contributing to the advancement of avian medicine.Downloads
References
Amador, Z.P. et al. Valores de referências para hemograma de psitacídeos exóticos. Pubvet, 17(2): 1-5, 2023.
Autore, F. et al. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase has prognostic relevance in treatment-naïve patients affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia with trisomy 12. Cancers. 11(7): 896, 2019.
Baker, D.C. Diagnóstico das Anormalidades de Hemostasia. In: Thrall, M.A.; Weiser, G.; Allison, R.W.; Campbell, T.W. Hematologia e Bioquímica Clínica Veterinária. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 2015. p. 159-176.
Bohn, A.A. Avaliação Laboratorial dos Eletrólitos. In: Thrall, M.A.; Weiser, G.; Allison, R.W.; Campbell, T.W. Hematologia e Bioquímica Clínica Veterinária. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 2015. p. 457-472.
Brooks, M.B.; Harr, K.E.; Seelig, D.M.; Wardrop, K.J.; Weiss, D.J. Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. 7th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2022. 1456 p.
Fandiño, S. et al. Avian leukosis: will we be able to get rid of it? Animals, 13(14): 2358, 2023.
Gaharan, S. et al. What is your diagnosis? Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 26(1): 45-48, 2012.
Gosbell, M.; Luk, K.; Macwhirter, P. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 35(3): 341-349, 2021.
Hall, R.L. Muscle. In: Latimer, K. S. Duncan & Prasse’s veterinary laboratory medicine: clinical pathology. 5th ed. Ames: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. p.283-296.
Hammond, E.E. et al. Long-term Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Green-winged Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 24(4): 330-338, 2010.
Harrison, G.J. Disorders of the integument. In: Harrison G.J., Harrison L.R., Ritchie B.W., eds. Clinical avian medicine and surgery. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. 509-524, 1986.
Howard, S.C.; Jones, D.P.; Pui, C.H. The tumor lysis syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(19): 1844-1854, 2011.
Kipps, T.J. et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1): 1-22, 2017.
Kurokawa, A; Yamamoto, Y. Immunohistochemical identification of T and B lymphocytes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 53 avian species using commercial antibodies. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 85(10): 1121–1130, 2023.
Lumeij, J.T. Avian Clinical Biochemistry. In: Kaneko, J.J.; Harvey, J.W.; Bruss, M.L. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 6th ed. Elsevier Academic Press, 2008. p.839–872.
Martins, A.M.C.R.P.F et al. Leucose linfóide em canários (Serinus canarius-Linn, 1748). Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 71(4): 503-506, 2004.
Osofsky, A. et al. T-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Double Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 25(4): 286-294, 2011.
Palmer, G.H.; Stauber, E. Visceral lymphoblastic leukosis in an African grey parrott. Veterinary Medicine & Small Animal Clinician, 76(9): 1355-1356, 1981.
Payne, L.N. Leukosis/Sarcoma. In: Jordan, F.T.W.; Pattison, M. (Eds.) Poultry diseases. 4a ed. London: W.B. Saunders, 1996. p.123-133.
Pinto, G.O.D.P.A et al. Healthy Captive Rose-ringed Parakeets (Psittacula krameri)-Hematological and Biochemical Values. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 52(1): 1948, 2024.
Schmidt, R.E.; Reavill, D.R.; Phalen, D.N. Lymphatic and Hematopoietic System Pathology of pet and aviary birds. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell, 2015. p.175-197.
Sinclair, K.M., et al. Chronic T-cell Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Black Swan (Cygnus atratus): diagnosis, treatment, and pathology. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 29(4): 326-335, 2015.
Sousa, E. Registro da doença de Marek, leucose aviária e doença infecciosa da bolsa na região do Triângulo Mineiro, no período de 1999 a 2003. Pubvet, 27(4), 2015.
Workman, H.C.; Vernau, W. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in dogs and cats: the veterinary perspective. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 33(6): 1379-1399, 2003.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 João Vitor Janesko Zaions, Gabrielle França Ribeiro, Gabriela Oliveira da Paz Augusto Pinto, Maritza Nunes Severiano, Thiago Francisco Costa Solak, Alaina Maria Correia, Rosangela Locatelli Dittrich
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
A Revista de Medicina Veterinária permite que o autor retenha os direitos de publicação sem restrições, utilizando para tal a licença Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição — Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso.
NãoComercial — Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais.
CompartilhaIgual — Se você remixar, transformar, ou criar a partir do material, tem de distribuir as suas contribuições sob a mesma licença que o original.
Sem restrições adicionais — Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
