Risk factors associated with obesity and overweight in dogs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v17n1-5403Keywords:
metabolic alterations, body score, body fat, quality of lifeAbstract
Obesity and overweight are multifactorial origin characterized by the accumulation of adipose tissue that is tangent to the reference values for each species, may trigger changers in physiological functions. This article describes the main causes of obesity and overweight in dogs, as well as the risk factors associated with these conditions. The causes of obesity and overweight are correlated to individual, genetic, environmental, behavioral aspects, with influence of the dog/owner relationship and the animal's anthropomorphization process. There are reflexes in the feeding management of the dog with the new forms of interspecific relationships, such as the supply of inadequate food in quality and quantity. Obesity is associated with risks to the health of the animal, due to its relationship with various physiological disorders and metabolic complications, leading to a reduction in the quality and life expectancy of the obese dog.Downloads
References
ABINPET. Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Produtos Para Animais de Estimação. Mercado Pet Brasil 2022. Disponível em: < https://abinpet.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/abinpet_folder_dados_mercado_2022_draft3_web.pdf>. Acesso em 05 fev. 2022.
Akalestou, E.; Genser, L.; Rutter, G.A. Glucocorticoid Metabolism in Obesity and Following Weight Loss. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11: 1-9, 2020.
Andrade Junior, A.G. et al. Obesidade: compreendendo esse desequilíbrio orgânico em cães e gatos. Science and Animal Health, 7(2): 105- 125, 2019.
Aptekmann, K.P. et al. Aspectos nutricionais e ambientais da obesidade canina. Ciência Rural, 44(11): 2039-2044, 2014.
APOP. Association For Pet Obesity Prevention. Pet Owner: Weight Management, Nutrition, and Pet Food Survey, 2021. Disponível em: <https://petobesityprevention.org/2021>. Acesso em: 26 out. 2022.
Banton, S. et al. Jog with your dog: Dog owner exercise routines predict dog exercise routines and perception of ideal body weight. PloS One, 17(8): e0272299, 2022.
Amato, B.P.; Barros, T.C. Diabetes mellitus em cães: buscando uma relação entre obesidade e hiperglicemia. Pubvet, 14(9): 1-7, 2020.
Behrend, E. et al. AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 54(1): 1-21, 2018.
Bjørnvad, C.R. et al. Neutering increases the risk of obesity in male dogs but not in bitches - A cross-sectional study of dog- and owner-related risk factors for obesity in Danish companion dogs. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 170: 104730, 2019.
Bennaim, M.; Shiel, R.E.; Mooney, C.T. Diagnosis of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Part 1: Pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical and clinicopathological features. The Veterinary Journal, 252: 105342, 2019.
Brito-Casillas, Y. et al. Studying the heterogeneous pathogenesis of canine diabetes: Observational characterization of an island population. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 7(4):1071-1081, 2021.
Carratù, P. et al. Echocardiographic findings and plasma endothelin-1 levels in obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea. International Journal of the Science and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 20(2): 613-619, 2016.
Instituto Pet Brasil. Censo Pet: 139,3 milhões de animais de estimação no Brasil, 2019. Disponível em: <http://institutopetbrasil.com/imprensa/censo-pet-1393-milhoes-de-animais-deestimacao-no-brasil/>. Acesso em: 05 fev. 2022.
COMAC. Comissão Animais de Companhia, Sindicato Nacional da Indústria de produtos para a saúde animal. Mercado Pet na Pandemia, 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.sindan.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Apresentacao-Radar-2021-Coletiva-de-Imprensa-1.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2022.
Chrysant, S.G. Pathophysiology and treatment of obesity-related hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 21(5): 555-559, 2019.
Chun, J.L. et al. A simple method to evaluate body condition score to maintain the optimal body weight in dogs. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 61(6): 366-370, 2019.
Eastland-Jones, R.C. et al. Owner misperception of canine body condition persists despite use of a body condition score chart. Journal of Nutricional Science, 3(45): 1-5, 2014.
Endenburg, N. et al. Quality of life and owner attitude to dog overweight and obesity in Thailand and the Netherlands. BMC Veterinary Research, 14 (221): 1-19, 2018.
Firmino, F.P. Comparação da sintomatologia da displasia coxofemoral entre cães obesos e não-obesos. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(7): 46840-46850, 2020.
Flanagan, J. et al. Success of a weight loss plan for overweight dogs: The results of an international weight loss study. PloS One, 12(9): e0184199, 2017.
Forrest, R. et al. Potential Owner-Related Risk Factors That May Contribute to Obesity in Companion Dogs in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Animals, 12(3): 267, 2022.
German, A. et al. Dangerous trends in pet obesity. The Veterinary Record, 182(1): 25, 2018.
Gilor, C. et al. What's in a Name? Classification of Diabetes Mellitus in Veterinary Medicine and Why It Matters. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30(4): 927-940, 2016.
Gruen, M.E. et al. AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 58: 55-76, 2022.
Heeley, A.M. et al. Diabetes mellitus in dogs attending UK primary-care practices: frequency, risk factors and survival. Canine Medicine and Genetics, 7(1): 1-19, 2020.
Hill, J.W.; Faulkner, L.D. The Role of the Melanocortin System in Metabolic Disease: New Developments and Advances. Karger Journal, 104(4): 330-346, 2017.
Julianna, T.O. et al. Factors Affecting Canine Obesity Seem to Be Independent of the Economic Status of the Country - A Survey on Hungarian Companion Dogs. MDPI Animals, 10 (8): 1267, 2020.
Kamal, N. et al. Comparative occurrence of diabetes in canine, feline, and few wild animals and their association with pancreatic diseases and ketoacidosis with therapeutic approach. Veterinary World, 11(4): 410- 422, 2018.
Kern, L. et al. Obesity-Induced TNF? and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation-Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers. Cancers, 11(1): 24, 2018.
Kipperman, B.S.; German, A.J. The Responsibility of Veterinarians to Address Companion Animal Obesity. Animals (Basel), 8(9): 143, 2018.
Kleinert, M. et al. Animal models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(3): 140-162, 2018.
Loef, M. et al. Fatty acids and osteoarthritis: different types, different effects. Joint Bone Spine, 86(4): 451-458, 2019.
Marchini, L.R.; Camargo, A.C.A.L.; Amoroso, L. Castração pré-púbere e suas consequências: revisão de literatura. Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP, 19(1): 1-9, 2021.
Martins, F.S.M. et al. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects in a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism: 115 cases (2010-2014). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 39(11): 900-908, 2019.
Mc Reynolds, T. Osteoarthritis and obesity in pets go hand in hand (slowly). American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), 2019. Disponível em: < https://www.aaha.org/publications/newstat/articles/2019-06/osteoarthritis-and-obesity-in-pets-go-hand-in-hand-slowly/>. Acesso em: 26 out. 2022.
Muñoz-Prieto, A. et al. European dog owner perceptions of obesity and factors associated with human and canine obesity. Scientific Reports, 8(13353): 1-10, 2018.
Montoya-Alonso, J.A. et al. Prevalence of Canine Obesity, Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction, and Relationship with Owner Obesity in an Obesogenic Region of Spain. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4: 1-4, 2017.
Morelli, G. et al. A Survey of Dog Owners’ Attitudes toward Treats. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 23(1): 1-9, 2020.
Moshref, M. et al. Concise Review: Canine Diabetes Mellitus as a Translational Model for Innovative Regenerative Medicine Approaches. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 8(5): 450-455, 2019.
OMS. Organização Mundial da Saúde. Assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. 2021 Disponível em: <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550123> Acesso em: 17 jan. 2023.
Partington, C. et al. The effect of obesity and subsequent weight reduction on cardiac structure and function in dogs. BMC Veterinary Research, 18 (1): 351, 2022.
Pearl, R. et al. Who’s a good boy? Effects of dog and owner body weight on veterinarian perceptions and treatment recommendations. International Journal of Obesity, 44(12): 2455–2464, 2020.
Pegram, C. et al. Frequency, breed predisposition and demographic risk factors for overweight status in dogs in the UK. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 62(7): 521-530, 2021.
Piantedosi, D. et al. Effect of a Weight Loss Program on Biochemical and Immunological Profile, Serum Leptin Levels, and Cardiovascular Parameters in Obese Dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7: 398, 2020.
Ponkgan, W. et al. Obesity-Induced Heart Rate Variability Impairment and Decreased Systolic Function in Obese Male Dogs. Animals, 10(8): 1383, 2020.
Pöppl, A.G.; Hummel, J.; Vicente, G. Obesidade e Alterações Endócrinas. Tratado de Fisioterapia e Fisiatria de Pequenos Animais, 1: 155-167, 2018.
Porsani, M.Y.H. et al. What do Brazilian owners know about canine obesity and what risks does this knowledge generate? PLoS ONE, 15(9): e0238771, 2020a.
Porsani, M.Y.H. et al. Factors associated with failure of dog's weight loss programmes. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 6(3): 299-305, 2020b.
Porsani, M.Y.H. et al. Prevalence of canine obesity in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 14082, 2020c.
Raffan, E. et al. A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs. Cell Metabolism, 23(5): 893-900, 2016.
Richard, A.J. et al. Adipose Tissue: Physiology to Metabolic Dysfunction. NCBI Bookshelf, Endotext, 1-133, 2020.
Ringstad, N.K; Lingaas, F; Thoresen, S.I. Breed distributions for diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism in Norwegian dogs. Canine Medicine and Genetics, 9(1): 9, 2022.
Rodrigues, G.R.F.; Carmo, F. Protocolo clínico e tratamento de obesidade canina com alimentação natural caseira: Relato de caso. Pubvet, 15(9): 1-13, 2021.
Rosa, A.R.; Paixão, R.L.; Soares, G.M. Antropomorfismo: definições, histórico e impacto em cães de companhia. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências, 19(2): 153-163. 2018.
Salt, C. et al. Association between life span and body condition in neutered client-owned dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(1): 89-99, 2019.
Salt, C. et al. Comparison of growth patterns in healthy dogs and dogs in abnormal body condition using growth standards. PloS One, 15(9): e0238521, 2020.
Sanders, K.; Kooistra, H.S.; Galac, S. Treating canine Cushing's syndrome: Current options and future prospects. Veterinary Journal, 241: 42-51, 2018.
Scheja, L.; Heeren, J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15: 507-524, 2019.
Silva, J.H.A.; Romão, F.G. Hipotireoidismo em cães - revisão de literatura. Almanaque de Ciências Agrárias, 5(1): 22-34, 2021.
Simpson, M. et al. Age at gonadectomy and risk of overweight/obesity and orthopedic injury in a cohort of Golden Retrievers. PLoS ONE, 14(7): 3-12, 2019.
Smith, T.D.; Valkenburgh, B.V. The dog–human connection. Anatomical Record Jounal, 304: 10-18, 2020.
Su, D.K. et al. Impact of feeding method on overall activity of indoor, client-owned dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 60(7): 438-443, 2019.
Suarez, L. et al. Is Dog Owner Obesity a Risk Factor for Canine Obesity? A “One-Health” Study on Human–Animal Interaction in a Region with a High Prevalence of Obesity. Veterinary Science, 9(5): 243, 2022.
Thomson, P. et al. Differences in the composition and predicted functions of the intestinal microbiome of obese and normal weight adult dogs. PeerJ, 10(e12695): 1-19, 2022.
Tropf, M. et al. Cardiac and Metabolic Variables in Obese Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(4): 1000-1007, 2017.
Usui, S.; Yasuda, H.; Koketsu, Y. Characteristics of obese or overweight dogs visiting private Japanese veterinary clinics. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(4): 338-343, 2016.
Valk, E.S.V.D.; Savas, M.; Rossum, E.F.C.V. Stress and Obesity: Are There More Susceptible Individuals? Current Obesity Reports, 7(2): 193-203, 2018.
Wallis, N.; Raffan, E. The Genetic Basis of Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases in Humans and Companion Animals. Genes, 11(11): 1378, 2019.
Webb, T.L. et al. Understanding obesity among companion dogs: New measures of owner's Beliefs and Behaviour and associations with body condition scores. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 180: 105029, 2020.
WSAVA. World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Diretrizes para a Avaliação Nutricional. 2016. Disponível em: <https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Global-Nutritional-Assesment-Guidelines-Portuguese.pdf>. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2022.
Zorena, K. et al. Adipokines and Obesity. Potential Link to Metabolic Disorders and Chronic Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(10): 3570, 2020.
Zoran, D.B. Obesity in Dogs and Cats: A Metabolic and Endocrine Disorder. Veterinary Clinics of Small Animals, 40: 221-239, 2010.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
A Revista de Medicina Veterinária permite que o autor retenha os direitos de publicação sem restrições, utilizando para tal a licença Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição — Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso.
NãoComercial — Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais.
CompartilhaIgual — Se você remixar, transformar, ou criar a partir do material, tem de distribuir as suas contribuições sob a mesma licença que o original.
Sem restrições adicionais — Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
